Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay

Charity Wards Philippine Hospitals Health And Social Care Essay The presence of charity wards in Philippine hospitals, whether public or private, has been a quiet issue. Those who are aware of the existence of this ward are the ones that cannot afford regular wards or those that prefer the services given in the charity wards. Most hospitals that offer their services through the means of having charity wards often have different elements to be paid for. The basic elements are the medical materials used, professional fees, and hospital fee. Often times the patients confined in these wards are the ones that provide the basic medical materials needed. There are also instances wherein professional fees of doctors are either waived or discounted for, while the hospital fee is rarely waived. One cause of conflict can be how the hospital prioritizes which patient should be attended to first; there are some hospitals that select paying patients before those who are not able to pay and sometimes they forego the triage system. The triage system is the system in which hospital personnel determine the level of priority of each patient based on the patients current physical condition. Of course, charity wards consist of only a certain number of beds and so charity patients may only be accommodated depending on availability and the hospitals capability to handle his or her case. This issue raises questions such as how do paying wards affect patient care and accommodation in charity wards? Do hospitals charge paying patients more than the actual cost of care? How are they [hospitals] able to afford for the continuous upkeep of charity wards? What is the governments involvement regarding this issue? And lastly, is the charity ward beneficial to all stakeholders? Background Information The charity system of service was first practiced in St. Lukes Medical Center and was established by American Missionaries in 1903. By 1910, St. Lukes increased bed capacity in the hospital to 52, catering dominantly to charity patients. In 1946, the University of Santo Tomas opened their pay and charity wards at the newly opened facility in Espana, Manila. More hospitals would follow suit with their own respective charity wards and as with St Lukes and UST, they funded themselves through the paying wards. It has been cited that in UST, their charity wards have solely been funded via the paying wards and never through government subsidies nor through the tuition fees of students enrolled in medical and allied medical courses. This may show that charity wards, now known in a more politically correct term of service wards, are not black holes for hospitals; they do not necessarily exhaust medical facilities of revenues, supplies and such. It also shows that hospitals charge more than t hey really should but since it is for a good cause, it may well be worth it. It has also been general knowledge that in charity wards, medical interns and students are often allowed to handle patients while they have very limited patient in pay wards. It is something that hospitals will not publish but it is a widely accepted act. Also, faster and better service can obviously be found in pay wards and not in charity wards. Despite the fact that certain hospitals can afford having a fully functional charity ward, government subsidies are always welcome things for them as, according to UST Hospital, it can cost upwards of P115 million per annum to run their charity facility, which is at a 65% occupancy rate. Of USTHs patients, only 25% have PhilHealth coverage but even then, patients still have to pay as much as 50 centavos for every peso of treatment cost. It can cost significantly more for the Philippine General Hospital which has a total of 1,500 beds for pay, charity and special patients as compared to USTHs total of 443 beds, and a 95% occupancy rate for charity ward as compared to USTHs 65%. According to the 2007 National Health Accounts, a study done by the National Statistical Coordination Board, the Department of Health along with the financial assistance of the Department of Health Office of the Secretary (DOH-OSEC), Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB), Philippine Heart Center (PHC), National Kidney Transplant Institute (NKTI), National Nutrition Council (NNC), Lung Center of the Philippines (LCP), Philippine Childrens Medical Center (PCMC), and Commission on Population (PopCom) allotted P20.3 billion for the budget of various health programs and institutions. From the P20.3 billion, only P15.4 billion goes to personal and public health care, namely government hospitals and the like. The breakdown of the budget under personal health care is P13.4 billion which is then directly transferred to government hospitals, while in public health care only P1.9 billion is allotted. The involvement of local government units (LGUs) in the financial assistance for public health care has been significant in contrast to the Department of Health; the LGUs had substantially allocated P13.7 billion according to the 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. According to the An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007 conducted by the Congressional Planning and Budget Department, the total budget of the Philippines in that year was P1.126 trillion and from that P329.4 billion was allocated for social services. Of that, P14.5 billion or 1.3% of the national budget was specifically allocated for health. For 2007, hospital services get the biggest share amounting to 7.1 billion or 65% of the total budget. Public health gets only 14% of the budget, 2 percentage points lower than administration function receives. Regulation gets 5% of total budget for 2007. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) It was also stated that in the pattern of budget distribution of the Department of Health since 2003 up to 2007, no change has been made. Hospital services continue to get the biggest chunk ranging from 65% to 71%. Budget allocation for public health and administration during the period get from 14% to 16% only. Regulation is given the least share ranging from 2% to 5%. (Congressional Planning and Budget Department, 2007, p.103) Even if there is a recognizable amount in the allocation of the national budget regarding health care, it is not sufficient in helping to defray the costs of necessary health care. Those in the marginalized sector, earning a minimum wage, often seek the services offered by the charity system available in government and public hospitals. However, there are some instances that these individuals may not be able to afford the costs that are followed in being confined in these said wards. Indeed, charity wards are supposed to be affordable, most especially to those who need it the most, but is does not necessarily mean that the services offered will be free. According to the newspaper article, title How charitable are charity hospitals?, a patient confined in the charity ward of a university-based hospital found out that their hospital bill reached P16,000 just for a weeks confinement. Now if that patient were just earning minimum wage and works for six days a week, he would just have earned P2,424 and that will not be enough to pay for his hospital bill. That only covers hospital fees and the medicines used during procedures done; it does not include post-operative or post-hospitalization care and maintenance. The implementation of the Philippine Generic Drug Act 1988 which requires the use of generic labeling and advertising of drugs have somewhat helped in making necessary drugs and such to be readily available to the public but that still adds to the expenses of the already strained household budgets of our lower class sector. According to The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines by the Institute of Philippine C ulture in Ateneo de Manila University, the Philippines is one of the countries that have problems with drug accessibility for the public. According to their study, which cites the World Health Organization, less than 30% of the population has regular access to important medicines. This may be attributed to the costs of medicine taken in relation to the average income of the working classes. A 2007 statistical study titled Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?, showed that the lower classes are in the bottom 76.7% of families living in the Philippines. This lower class group has an annual income bracket of P5,000 to P242,228 with an average annual income of P109,580. This does not include indigents and the truly poor. Sources: Ancheta, A. Q. (10 August 2010). William H. Quasha His Relevance to St. Lukes Revisited. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from St. Lukes College of Medicine website: http://stlukesmedcollege.edu.ph/default/news-and-events/action,Display/news_id,63 Batangan M.D., M.Sc., D.B. (n.d.). The Prices People Have to Pay for Medicines in the Philippines. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.haiweb.org/medicineprices/surveys/200502PH/sdocs/survey_report.pdf Congressional Planning and Budget Department. (2007). An Analysis of the Presidents Budget for Fiscal Year 2007. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from http://ia700104.us.archive.org/10/items/CongressBudgetPlanningDept2007NationalBudgetofPhilippines/budget07.pdf Dalangin-Fernandez, L. (22 March 2007). Arroyo signs P1.1-Tr budget for 2007. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Philippine Daily Inquirer website: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20070322-56398/%28UPDATE%29_Arroyo_signs_P1.1-Tr_budget_for_2007 de la Cruz, M. (21 October 2007). How charitable are charity hospitals?. Retrieved on November 11, 2010 from Inquirer.net: http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=20071021-95772 Fernandez M.D., C. R. (n.d.). UP-PGH Emergency Department Triage. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippines Society of Emergency Care Physicians website: http://psecp.org/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=30Itemid=48 Malaya Newspaper. (29 September 2007). Malaya Feature: Philippine General Hospital at 100, PGH: Leader in Quality Health Care. Retrieved on November 15, 2010 from Philippine Headline News Online website: http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/si/si002422.htm National Statistical Coordination Board. (3 August 2010). 2007 Philippine National Health Accounts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from NSCB website: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/stats/pnha/2007/2007pnhatables.asp St. Lukes Medical Center. (n.d). St Lukes Medical Center Fast Facts. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from St. Lukes Medical Center website: http://www.stluke.com.ph/home.php/sb/Fast_Facts Virola, R. A. (n.d.). Trends and Characteristics of the Middle-Income Class in the Philippines: Is it Expanding or Shrinking?. [PDF File]. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from: http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ncs/10thNCS/papers/contributed%20papers/cps-12/cps12-01.pdf (n.a.). (30 September 1961). G.R. No. L-15270. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from The LawPhil Project website: http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1961/sep1961/gr_l-15270_1961.html (n.a.). (25 June 2007). When priests quarrel. Retrieved on November 16, 2010 from Manila Standard Today website: http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/2007/june/25/felMaragay.htm

Research Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Data Essay

Introduction The study of Research Methods has become both a more important and significant part of sport in recent years and there has been a rapid growth in interest in the theoretical side of Sport and Exercise. In this assignment I will be talking about the key issues in Research Methods for Sport and Exercise Sciences and focusing on two aspects in particular – Qualitative and Quantitative research. I will be giving examples and opinions of these methods and pointing out advantages and disadvantages backed up by references. Finally I will conclude, comparing the two and giving my opinion on which method of research is more superior. Task 1: Description of Quantitative Research. â€Å"Quantitative research involves either trying to discover a relationship or testing a hypothesis and is generally deductive research (this means that a scientist would start at a hypothesis and then begin observations to prove it). It is designed to establish differences, relationships or causality.† This type of research is both formal, factual and a systematic process in which numerical data is used to obtain information and is not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices. I feel this can also be described as using data and statistics to form an opinion. In line with the scenario outlined in this assignment, we know that research is a collection and analysis of data. An Example of Quantitative Research I am including in this report is that number of training sessions can or cannot determine an athlete’s performance. An example of where this is evident is when detraining the aerobic system in a runner, the participants level of VO2max (the maximal oxygen uptake or the maximum volume of oxygen that can be utilized) decreases. Recent studies show that there is little reduction in VO2max for the first ten days following inactivity in high performance athletes. It is cautiously mentioned that all of these guidelines assume the runner is a high performer, training consistently across a 4 – 6 month period of time. Beginner runners will lose fitness at a slightly faster rate as they have a smaller base of fitness. After two weeks of not running, studies prove that runners VO2max decreases by 6%. After 9 weeks VO2max drops by 19% and after 11 weeks of no running, studies show that VO2 max of an athlete falls by 25.7% from peak physical fitness. These statistics were obtained using  gaseous analysis where an athlete would be monitored on the development of their aerobic endurance and to find an e stimate of their VO2max. This type of quantitative research allows us to asses a runner’s fitness with numerical data at the end and is therefore factual and not opinion formulated. Advantages of Quantitative Research I believe an advantageous aspect of quantitative research is that it is based on facts and is therefore indisputable. Such like ‘the minimum weight for a flat jockey is 50.8kg’. Similarly a jump jockey needs to be a weight of 63.5kg, another example of a factual, quantitative statistic. Another reason why quantitative research is beneficial in Sport and Exercise Science is that it allows an approach which cannot be determined or interpreted, by opinions or feelings, it is simply factual†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢data talks’. Other positive factors are that it can generalise a research finding meaning differences are not considered, also the research conducts environment and situation and data analysis is less time consuming. Disadvantages of Quantitative Research A disadvantage in my opinion regarding this method of research is that it is too data driven and doesn’t account for emotion and the one emotion in particular that I feel can determine a stat or piece of numerical data and that is passion! It also overlooks factors such as, motivation, others understanding, emotion, also knowledge produce may be too abstract or influenced by environment or situation. Finally a significant point is that data analysis error may occur and give an inaccurate, unreliable or invalid conclusion Description of Qualitative Research â€Å"Quantitative Research is a subjective form of research that tries to explain differences, relationships or causality using non numerical data such as words† This type of research is based on personal opinion and experience, its aim is to explain differences, links, or something being caused and is a more social form of research, using techniques such as interviews, therefore concluding with non-numerical findings. Example of Qualitative Research I think that qualitative research is useful for discovering many things, including a commonly asked question – Why do people participate in sport? When it comes to sport participation, interviewing is the best technique to gather information. The interview allows the researcher to probe into the reasons why people participate and enjoy some sports and not others. An example to demonstrate this is that an interview with Spanish number 1 Rafael Nadal allowed a researcher to find out why Nadal decided to start playing tennis at such a young age. He quoted â€Å"I chose tennis because it was introduced to me by my uncle Toni, and from the first time I held a racket I knew that I needed nothing else† it is interviews with people like this whose words allow us to realise the emotions behind his choice of sport and looks at another aspect away from his stats. we now know that his success is party behavioural and that his passion and motivation is what drives his capabilities. This has led him to a very successful career. Advantages of Qualitative Research Qualitative research is very useful for in depth study, meaning a researcher can go into further detail about an athlete or topic, it is also useful for describing complex phenomena. The data collected is usually conducted in a natural setting, away from a lab so results aren’t too data driven and are more in the words of the participant. Disadvantages of Qualitative Research Despite many positives, qualitative research is very specific to the person being studied or observed. It also has lower credibility as it is not factual and results could be easily influenced or even biased, due to premeditated answers Bibliography www.moodle.hartpury.ac.uk www.skysports.com www.theguardian.com www.sportsblog.com www.bbcsport.com

Socrates vs Pericles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 688 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Socrates Essay Did you like this example? Socrates was a Greek philosopher of Athens that lived from 469 to 399 B.C. Socrates was known as one of the wisest people of all time where a lot of current knowledge of him and teachings come from some of his pupils like Plato through scripts and dialogues. Socrates was also known for spending his life conversing about integrity, justice and religious quality wherever his fellow citizens gathered. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Socrates vs Pericles" essay for you Create order On the other hand, Pericles was a Greek statesman and leader of Athens who lived from 460 to 429 B.C.. Pericles started his political career by establishing a vote in the popular assembly. The assembly was the occasionally opportunity for male Athens to speak their minds and exercise their votes regarding the government. This lead to the exile of Cimon, the Athenian leader who cared more about the relationship with Sparta than Athens. Pericles is known for transforming Athens from a limited democracy to a popular government. A limited democracy is a democracy where average citizens still had to defer to members of the aristocracy. Popular government is where the mass of people were fully sovereign. This event has been named the true beginning of Athenian democracy. However people like Socrates had a different view of democracy. Socrates would view democracy as a disaster for the people because the people who would be voting have so many factors in their voting decision that can poor ly affect the city. In 399 B.C., Socrates was placed on trial for allegedly corrupting the youth and not believing in the deities of the city of Athens. Plato, one of Socrates pupils, spoke Socrates apology which back then means defense, to defend himself and his conduct. Throughout the case and the trail, Socrates defended himself as at aknow-it-all which did not give him a good look to the jury. Socrates knew he was right with his beliefs and didnt care if all jurymen in all of Athen voted in favour of sentencing him to death for corrupting the youth. Socrates was accused of teaching the youth to question authority and his whole goal was to expose the authoritative and orthodoxy views of his time that were all wrong. It was obvious that the jury was run based on their emotion. Socrates believes that the people who vote in the democratic body have emotions that influence their decisions resulting in an not necessarily reasonably vote. In the apology, Socrates uses a horse and trainer analogy for how ma ny people it takes to influence a child. Socrates believes that Meletus had never thought or cared about the youth, but however, only cares now because the dislike against Socrates. Meletus was one of the youngest accusers in the trail. In the apology it states, How about horses? Does one man do them harm and all the world good?the trainer of horses, that is to say, does them good, and others who have to do with them rather injure them? (Socrates 22). Socrates argues that it is absurd for the jury to believe that he is guilty of corrupting so many youths in Athens. He thinks it impossible for him to do that as one single man. This analogy can be perceived as an explanation of Socrates view on democracy by rule by the many vs. by one or the few and how many results in a fallen nation. In contrast, Pericles, via his funeral oration speech, believes that democracy is better ruled by many rather than few. In the first year of the Peloponnesian War, Pericles gave speech in Athens honoring the brave warriors who were killed protecting their city-state. In Pericles speech he lists qualities of Athenians citizens who are alive and should feel honored that their loved ones and the people they know were brave enough to die for Athens and their government. Pericles believed that Athenian government, democracy, is a system where its male citizens can further in their merit rather than wealth. Perit stated, In the middle of Pericles speech, he lists some qualities of Athenian citizens. What traits does he describe? Pair these descriptions with passages in Socrates speech where he would seem to disagree.

The Theme of Social Responsibility in Victorian England Essay

How does dickens explore the theme of social responsibility in Victorian England? Charles dickens wrote ‘A Christmas Carol’ for a certain reason, and that reason was that he wanted to make people aware of the terrible situation the children of the poor were in. He visited a school in 1843 and was appalled by what he saw there. It was a school for the poorest children to teach them basic reading and writing skills. The children’s employment commission had also shocked him. At first dickens had the idea of writing a pamphlet called ‘an appeal to the people of England on behalf of the poor mans child’ but soon realised that seen as he was the most popular novelist of the time people would take much more notice he wrote about the†¦show more content†¦All of this and the building of the new railroad made the population of Britain grow and it would reach up to 4.5 million by 1889. The upper and middle class lived very near to unbelievable poverty and filth. The poor street sweepers attempt to keep the streets clean of manure. There were pickpockets, prostitutes, drunks, beggars and vagabonds of every kind to add to the everyday life of Victorian London. Up until the second half of the 19th century people were still drinking water from the Thames in which raw sewage flowed into, causing several outbursts of cholera along with the great stink of 1958, the disease and sewage in the drinking water made a link with Dr. John to find that all the victims of the cholera outbreak was connected with the same water pump. A plan was put together by Sir Joseph Bazalgette, completed in 1875, which finally provided adequate sewers to serve the city. A new law was put into place ‘the new poor law’ enacted in 1834. Before it had been burden of all the parishes to take care of the poor. The new law required that all the parishes worked together to create regional workhouses where aid could be applied for. The workhouse was little more than a prison for the poor. Victorian children worked in manufactories. They worked long hard hours to satisfy the needs of the parents because the families were so poor. The conditions of employment were terrible. They didn’t have any shoes because theShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde1300 Words   |  5 Pageswas written in the Victorian Age of England. During this time morality was connected with sexual restraint and strict codes of conduct in public. This play hilariously critiques Victorian moral and social values while the characters in the play try to figure out the meaning of â€Å"earnestness†. Wilde uses humor and irony to publicly ridicule the self-aggrandizing attitude of the Victorian upper classes, as well as to expose their duplicity and hypocrisy in regards to their social behaviors. The charactersRead MoreThe Significance Of Being Earnest, By Oscar Wilde1305 Words   |  6 Pagesof social norms. 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